The Upside to College Paper Sample

The Upside to College Paper Sample The Little-Known Secrets to College Paper Sample There's, clearly, a limit on the variety of pages even our very best writers can produce with a pressing deadline, but usually, we figure out how to satisfy all the clients seeking urgent assistance. The most typical means of finding out where to locate a sample thesis is by simple getting online and surfing online through countless web pages by usage of search engines. There are scores and scores of sample thesis papers offered online by a huge number of people prepared to help out people like you who have to help writing the outcomes of their research. For instance, you might want to incorporate a heading with the name and address of the individual who will be receiving your letter. Writing APA style paper can be a difficult undertaking for students who don't. The APA Manual are available in nearly any college bookstore, along with in many. Essay is a fundamental sort of paperwork you always need to deal with while studying. Your essay is a special reflection of who you are as an individual. You already understand how to write an academic essay. Writing an essay, or another paper for this matter, isn't just writing. If you're confused with a selection of interesting topics for writing a creative essay, it's far better to determine what interests you the most don't stick to easy research paper topics simply to finish the task fast if you're allowed to freely choose what things to compose an essay by yourself, utilize the chance to make something unique write down. Australian essay writing service you are able to rely on. In truth, it's probably the most essential part of your essay, as it draws in the reader. Although you have to be creative whilst writing your essay, resist the need to find creative with the facts. The Tried and True Method for College Paper Sample in Step by Step Detail Looking at an actual paper for your class can assist you in lots of ways. If you would like to emerge the very best in your class all the moment, then buying online papers are sometimes a fantastic resolution for you. If writing a paper gets difficult for you, there are lots of choices to find reliable as sistance. Following your initial draft is finished, allow it to sit for no less than a day. Buying a research paper sample for college submission is among the options. If you think writing of a research paper is simply about gathering relevant materials and copy-pasting then in a different document, you're mistaken. A research paper is normally the very first step for students to acquire funding for their project, so it's essential to create a thoughtful and deep paper. It involves surveying a field of knowledge in order to find the best possible information in that field. Although every facet of your college application is critical, a strong college admission essay is just one of the most significant elements of the application. Schools utilize the EFC to collect your financial aid packages. Compare your EFC by means of your dream school's cost of attendance to ascertain how much financial aid you will need. Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about an approach ing deadline. The Fight Against College Paper Sample As with writing a conventional research paper, research proposals are by and large organized the exact same way throughout most social science disciplines. There are a number of good references to assist you with research methodology and technical writing. When you compose a research paper you build upon what you know about the topic and make a deliberate attempt to learn what experts know. If you wish to compose an exceptional research paper, you are unable to recycle research topics which were used by a great deal of individuals. The precise structure of your paper will vary somewhat depending on the sort of paper you've been requested to write. If you must earn a cover page, you need to be sure to apply your aesthetic taste for picking the font and font dimensions and distribution of elements. Indeed, it's very discouraging not to find the maximum grade only for using the incorrect font or spacing in your essay cover page. The format isn't even essential, but it's good when you're starting out.

The Writing Style Of The Term- Harold And Maude By Colin...

Best Book of the Term- Harold Maude Have you ever read a book that has changed your life? A book that leaves you feeling motivated and enlightened. â€Å"Harold and Maude† by Colin Higgins does just that. This book is not simply a quirky love story between two unlikely individuals, but about the power of optimism and a unique way of living life, a true inspiration. However, besides the storyline, the writing style of the author has a huge impact in setting the book apart. When considering why the book â€Å"Harold and Maude† is the best book of the term the fundamentals of the writing style have to be taken into account from the points of view to the ending which, all play a crucial role in making the reading experience memorable. First is the use of the third-person omniscient point of view. According to the text, in the third-person omniscient point of view, â€Å"a narrator from â€Å"outside† the story world tells the story.† (WEAL, 45) The advantage of this style is the reader gets a u nique perspective of getting to hear the characters thoughts. For example, â€Å"†¦she listened to the Chopin playing softly. How soothing, she thought†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Higgins, 2) Here the reader can comprehend the character’s, state of mind as she enjoys the music playing in the background. Unlike in the book â€Å"World War Z† by Max Brooks where the author has used the epistolary style using the first-person point of view that, â€Å"reveals action through letters.† (WEAL, 46) The disadvantage of this writing style is the reader

Civil Unions and Same Sex Couples free essay sample

Another benefit that is denied to same-sex couples is the right to Social Security benefits upon the death of a spouse. Traditionally, the Social Security benefits go to the surviving spouse, but in same-sex unions, the benefits simply stop. Similar to Social Security benefits are employee benefits, which are provided to the partners of traditional unions, but denied to same-sex couples. In 2009, the federal government presented an act to the floor of Congress that would provide employee benefits to the spouses of same-sex unions employed by the government. Another point of contention is the right to adoption, a right that is denied to same-sex couples. The stability of same-sex relationships has also been called into question by opponents. One benefit that is often overlooked due to the fact that it does not pertain to same-sex couples is the benefit to the economy of same-sex unions through the accumulation of disposable income. Civil Unions in Arizona for Same Sex Couples Many people are confused on the differences between a civil union and marriage. The difference is the involvement of religion. Marriage is the traditional school of thought, where a man and a woman go through a ceremony in a church or other religious structure, where the ceremony is conducted by an ordained representative of the religion in question. Involved in the ceremony is the completion and signing of a marriage certificate, an official government document that goes on record with the state that allows for the distribution of any and all legal benefits as spelled out by law and tradition. A civil union, however, is devoid of the religious connotations f marriage, meaning no religious ceremony, no religious representative, and no church. Civil unions are conducted in a court room or other non-religious location by judge, or more commonly, a Justice of the Peace. During the non-religious ceremony of a civil union, a marriage certificate is completed by the couple. Most religious institutions deny a marriage ceremony to same-sex couples, and the majority of laws do not make allowances for same-sex couple to have a civil union. The focus of this paper is on civil unions for same-sex couples and what this entails. Several other states have chosen to go the route of civil unions for same sex couples over marriage. There are numerous reasons that this is necessary. One of the biggest arguments of people against same sex marriage is that it tries to redefine what marriage is. By giving same sex couples the title of civil union, it neutralizes this argument while giving the exact same benefits. Civil unions can also be viewed as a stepping stone towards marriage. By legally recognizing the relationship, it opens the door for acceptance in the general population (Sadler, 2008). Another argument is that same sex couples cannot provide the same kind of stable relationship that can come from traditional marriages. One state that has been able to provide ample information about the results of civil unions is Vermont. In 2000, civil unions were legally recognized under Vermont state law (Elder, Rothblum, amp; Solomon, 2010). This gave way to the ability to conduct studies on the effect of same sex couples being able to union. By following several gay and lesbian couples that undertook these unions, we can see that over several years few differences arose. One study followed dozens of both male and female same-sex couples that received civil unions shortly after the law went into effect in Vermont. These couples were then compared to a number of same-sex couples not in civil unions and a number of heterosexual married couples. The test was taken three years after the beginning of the Vermont state law and discovered many surprising findings. One shocking result refuted a long held stereotype that gay men are only capable of flings, or short relationships. The result of these tests showed that gay men in longer relationships were less likely to have separated at the 3 year mark than women in this situation. Another shocking result of this study was that same-sex couples where not only capable of maintaining monogamous relationships, they can even report higher relationship quality. â€Å"Compared with heterosexual married participants, both types of same-sex couples reported greater relationship quality, compatibility, and intimacy and lower levels of conflict. Longitudinal predictors of relationship quality at Time 2 included less conflict, greater level of outness, and a shorter relationship length for men in same-sex relationships and included less conflict and more frequent sex for women in same-sex relationships at Time 1† (Balsam, beauchaine, rothblum, amp; Solomon, 2008). What needs to happen for civil unions is a change in the understanding of what it means to be married. What was done to the word queer, to make it represent relationships based on love, rather than orientation, needs to be applied to the term civil union. Many in the â€Å"queer community† see a fundamental flaw with what marriage is. They believe it portrays feelings of ownership and possession over one’s partner. Many believe that gay marriage is only accepted because it changes what gay people are. It assumes that they are ready to conform and be a â€Å"normal† couple. The article â€Å"Queer Kids of Queer Parents Against Gay Marriage! † proposes that this idea of gay marriage exists only to put scared conservatives at ease. The kids in this article argue that marriage was created as a goal for gay couples to get them to settle down. Once married, these couples will buy houses and try to raise children and conform to what is considered proper behavior. (queerkidssaynomarriage, 2009) Civil unions could be a new kind of marriage that provides the same legal benefits but is something more meaningful all together. One such version of this idea comes from â€Å"The Case for Civil Unions for All Couples. † This article by Alan Dershowitz, proposes that civil unions be required for all couples. Whether or not a person is a same sex couple they would register for a civil union with your state and accept the â€Å"rights and responsibilities† associated. Marriage would still exist, but only as an option for those inclined. This would separate the religious institution of marriage from the state recognition of being a couple. Marriage would remain a sacrament as ordained by the Bible and couples that felt marriage was unnecessary would not be pressured into the title (Dershowitz, 2010). Same sex couples are able to raise children just as well as heterosexual couples. Children in foster homes looking to get adopted into a family simply want to live a normal life. Adopting them can transform their lives around. Not allowing same-sex couples to adopt children is a mistake. Adoption homes are already overcrowded and not allowing someone who wants to raise an individual that opportunity is just wrong. Only four states allow same-sex couples to adopt children. These states are Vermont, New Jersey, Massachusetts and California. Yet, because it is illegal to marry a lot of couples have a very hard time adopting children. (Belge, 2010). â€Å"Scientific studies have shown that children who grow up in one or two-parent gay or lesbian households fare just as well emotionally and socially as children whose parents are heterosexual. Studies have shown that children are more influenced by their interactions with their parents, than by their sexual orientation. † (Belge, 2010). â€Å"An estimated 65,500 adopted children are living with a lesbian or gay parent (in the United States). † (Craft, 2009). A long-time friend of a member of our group was raised by lesbian parents and he could not be more grateful for them. He was adopted by one of them so only one mom is considered his â€Å"legal† parent, but he and his two sisters consider both to be their moms, They their parents and love them very much, and could not imagine any other life. When a same-sex couple uses artificial insemination to give birth to a child, only one care giver is considered to be the legal guardian. If same-sex couples were able to adopt children, then both partners would be considered legal guardians and if anything were to happen to either of the parents, the other would be able to take full custody. (Belge, 2010). Currently the general way for same-sex couples to adopt is for one partner to do the adoption, and once the child is in custody of the adopted parent, the other partner applies to be a second parent or co-parent. This method is the most common because it has been granted by the courts in twenty-one states. (Craft, 2009). The National Adoption Center, whose motto is â€Å"There are no unwanted children, just unfound families† Encourage LGBT (lesbian, gay, bi-sexual, transgender) community members to adopt. They believe that all prospective adoptive parents should be given the opportunity to raise and nurture a child. (Vogel, 2010). The National Adoption Center has also started a program encouraging LGBT members to apply for adoption. Funded by the Wachovia Foundation, the program wants to expand the amount of potential permanent families in the LGBT community and develop services for prospective families. (Vogel, 2010). If the National Adoption Center encourages same-sex couples to apply for adoption, then It is obvious that they make suitable guardians. If same-sex couples were allowed to adopt children, foster children would be placed in more loving family homes. All in all, same- sex couples are denied some 1,138 federal rights. (Friedrichs, 2010) In addition to the issue of adoption that same-sex couples face. There are numerous rights in medical emergency situations that same-sex couples do not receive. One of these rights is, the right to make decisions on the partners behalf. In this situation, because a gay man or lesbian woman’s partner is not recognized as a full spouse, the rights to make these decisions go to the next of kin. (Rights and Protections, 2010) This can result in someone with a distant relationship making life-critical decisions in a medical emergency. In addition to the ability to make decisions, same-sex couples do not have the same visitation rights either. Gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender (GLBT) couples do not in fact have any legal right to visitation and can therefore be denied entrance to the room. . (Friedrichs, 2010) Medical rights are not the only rights denied to same-sex couples. There are also numerous other benefits heterosexual couples enjoy that same-sex couples do not. Same-sex couples do not have the same social security rights as others. Under the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) of 1996, marriage is defined as a legal union between one man and one woman. Defense of Marriage Act, 2010) As a result of DOMA, same-sex couples are denied many federal rights because they do not meet these criteria. For example, when a married person’s spouse passes away they are entitled to the social security pension of their spouse. (McGough, 2010) A same-sex couple does not receive this benefit and the social security pension is simply terminated. United States Representative â€Å"Linda Sanchez† is proposing that the soc ial security benefits received by heterosexual married couples be extended to members of same-sex partnerships as well. McGough, 2010) This could be a substantial step in the right direction for same-sex couples around the country. With the passing of this bill, these couples could be one step closer to receiving the benefits and equality that they strive for on a daily basis. However, with the current economic position of the United States, it is unlikely that such a bill will in fact pass. This would mean more money being paid out by the United States government for Social Security, a system that is already shaky and its future uncertain. Work related benefits are also a strong dividing line between the rights that heterosexual couples receive and the rights that same-sex couples receive. The military is also a battleground for gay rights. With the Don’t Ask Don’t Tell laws passed in the nineties, openly gay, lesbian, or transgender individuals have not been able to serve in the United States Military. (Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell, 2010) DADT, as it is known, states that members of the military do not disclose their sexual orientation to other members of the military. If a person is open about their sexuality they are forbidden from serving. This has sparked a lot of debate over the effectiveness of the law and its effect on the gay community and the military itself. Recent court hearings and polls regarding the subject show improvement for the gay community on the issue. In 2010, a federal judge declared that Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell was unconstitutional and that the armed services need to suspend the law immediately. However, the injunction was stayed meaning that DADT continued. Recently, a poll conducted by CNN determined that 78% of Americans support repealing DADT. This marks a huge win for LGBT members as there is now little credible defense of the law. Don’t Ask Don’t Tell supports the belief that gay people are somehow different on a human basis. Since sexuality has nothing to do with a soldier’s effectiveness in the field, the law is discriminating against gay, lesbian, and transgender people. As a result, the gay community is hurt by this rule set forth by the United States military. Not only does it prevent members of our country that want to serve in the military from serving, it also sets back gays on all fronts. If LGBT people were permitted to serve openly in the U. S. military it would be a huge step forward for the community and ultimately begin to reshape the country’s perception of what is â€Å"normal†. With this victory, LGBT people would be closer to realizing greater goals of Civil Unions and total integration with the United States public. Providing benefits to employee’s partners has long been a practice of many businesses and government institutions. Unfortunately, homosexual partners do not receive this right and are denied many of the work-related benefits that heterosexual couples take for granted. While many advocates of same-sex couple’s rights would argue that this is a basic right for workers, a large issue is the cost of implementing such a plan. In 2009 the Domestic Partnership and Obligations Act was brought to the floor. This act would provide health insurance, survivor annuities, compensation for work-related injuries, and travel and relocation for partners of same-sex federal workers. (Ballenstedt, 2010) To implement this plan for government employees alone would cost almost $900 million over the next ten years. Extending Federal Benefits, 2009) Couple this with the already high amounts of spending of the United States government and the fact that same-sex benefits are such a controversial subject and there is a lot going against this act. A sometimes unrecognized benefit of the legalization of civil unions in Arizona is the benefit to the economy. As we all know, the current economy is not as strong as it once was. Currently homosexual couples are taxed as sin gle people even if they are in a civil union. According to MSN (Microsoft Network), 58% of all couples allowed to file jointly saved an average of $1300. 0 dollars a year (Weston). GALLUP poll states, 10% of the Arizona population is gay or lesbian. This was taken with a 95% confidence interval +- 5% (Robison). If we take the low end, 5% of 6,595,778 people, times the 58% who saved money by having joint filing rights and times it by $1300. 00, it is close (30 million off) to a whopping 5 billion dollars! By doing the math, there is a huge benefit to the economy if homosexuals couples can civil union since this would put money back in the pockets of gays and lesbians who could spend this money at local retail stores. Also, the tax loss to the government would not be significant because money would still be generated through sales taxes. This new spending would create more jobs in Arizona and an overall better standard of living. This would benefit the business as well as the people filing jointly. One example is with the current economic financial crisis and the current state of the economy. The $1300. 00 dollars could be the difference between foreclosing on homes as well as being able to afford other basic needs such as food and water. There is a value added here that cannot be justified in pure numbers and that is he self-confidence this will give homosexual people. They will be able to feel that their government is taxing them fairly and not penalizing them for being gay or lesbian. It will also help support the principles to which our country was founded upon which is equal rights for all. The most important social benefit of the legalization of civil unions is that it will increase toleranc e and understanding among others especially those who are younger. It will also pave the way for gay marriage and allow a starting ground for politicians to get behind. Currently there are no laws regarding decimation against gays. As Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Title VII), only prohibits employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. This means it is currently completely legal to refuse someone a job based solely on the fact that they are lesbian or gay. Having a bill like this become a law will make it easier to amend the current laws we have based on antidiscrimination. This will also add protection for homosexuals couples. It will also allow for less teasing and harassment in schools. When a law is passed that permits homosexual civil unions more lesbian and gay couples will come out of the wood work and use this option to get recognized by the great state of Arizona. This will make the public face of homosexuals more common and will make the child of two same sex parents less likely to be teased at school or anywhere else, as it would not be uncommon anymore. It would also contribute to the above point of helping the economy as it would prevent discrimination in the work place. Due to current discrimination, homosexuals are unable to get jobs based on their sexual preference which prevents them from contributing to the workforce and therefore generate spendable income. Conclusion Same-sex couples should not be denied the same rights that are afforded to traditional couples like rights that can have emotional consequences, such as being allowed visitation in a hospital or to make critical decisions in event of a medical emergency. The foster care system is currently overloaded with un-adopted children, because there aren’t enough families to adopt.

The Rabinnovich Article Titled Seven Wars And A Peace Treaty,gives A C

The Rabinnovich article titled 'Seven Wars and a Peace Treaty',gives a chronological background of wars made between Arabs and Israeli's after the birth of Israeli state. I: First War;1948-1949 The Israeli's reffered this war as the war of Independence.It had two distinct phases.It first begun in 1947 after UN resolution on the partition of Palestine.The resolution was accepted by the Jewish community,but Arabs rejected.The result was a civil war.Until May 15, 1948 th two feuding communities tried to predispose the outcome of the full-fledged strife that was bound to folow te evacuation of British forces.As a result,much of fighting was mainly over the control of roads and the mixed cities. After Israeli's declaration of independence,Egypt,Lebanon,Iraq,Syria and Jordan invaded Palestine to help Palestinian Arabs.This war lasted eight months.Israel Defence Forces (IDF) a formal army,fought with 5 arab states armies. By December 1948,it was clear that Israel had won the war.Egyptian army was advanced well into Sinai.Lebanese army was pushed back to its borders and Israelis captured part of South Lebanon.Syrian army was forced to retreat to a line corresponding,to the pre 1948 international boundary.Those zones became demilitarized.The war ended with Jordan in control of what became West Bank.Iraqi army played a minor role,ts major role was pushing the Arab League to intervene in the war. But how could Israel succeed? It enjoyed the benefit of coherent leadership,whose impact was magnified by David Ben-Gurion's ability to integrate military and politiical elements into comphrensive strategy.Israel was predicted on social and political structures of its own long before.Later in the war,it obtained arms and turneits early military disadvantages into advantages.Soviet assistance to Israel was one reflection of the international dimension of the war.By helping Israel,Moscow hoped to disturb the status quo. In the end of the war,Israel had larger area than the UN partition solution had reaffirmed.So Palestine refugee problem was created.It was humuliating for Arabs. 2. THE SINAI-SUEZ CAMPAIGN WAR;OCTOBER 1956 1950's the antiagonism of the states was expressed in the means of politic,economics and military acts.The Arab boycott,the closure of Gulf of Tiran and Suez Canal to Israel shipping can be shown as such examples. Arabs designed a full-scale war to undo the consequences of 1948-1949 war and destroy Israeli state.For Israel, it would be a limited war,just to stregethen its position and anticipate Aon an arab attack. In the mean time Egypt was growing to be a regional power under the rule of Nasser,who was a pan-Arabist leader,a friend of Soviet Union,It was the firestarter of struggles against Israel. There were waves of raids organized by Palestinian groupings from Gaza Strip and West Bank against Israel.Nasse created a tripartite military pact among Egypt,Syria and Jordan. Nationalization of Suez canal and Britain's evacuation from the place increased the influence of Egypt over Syria and Jordan.Nasser's attack on the remnants of of Britain and France's colonial empires had an important effect too.So France and Israeli alience was formed.Briatin and France wanted to save their position in the region.So In Ocober 1956,in collusion with Britain and France,Israel attacked Egypt. Iasrael believed its was waging a defensive war,Arabs were becoming belligerent.So she decided to launch the Sinai campaign,to reach Suez Canal,to destroy Egyptian Army in the Sinai and to capture Sharm el Sheikh,the point at the southern tip of the Sinai Peninsula dominating the Tiran strait.By reaching the Suez Canal,they would pave the way for the Britain and France to launch their own military operation. Although they were thwarled by USA and SU, Israel evacuated the Sinai and the Gaza Strip in 1957( later in return for security arrangements made by the Eisenhower adminitration.) Nasser turned this military defeat into political victory.Sinai was to be demilitarized and to be held by a limited Egyptian power in case of any surprise attack.Also,UN forces were to be settled in the Gaza Strip,along Sinai and Sharm el-Sheikh. This war showed Israel's impressive military capability,it contributed to the consolidation of its regional and international standing.But Nasser did not take any lessons,he started another war.He rested on the advantage of an Egyptian and arab militay build up,a sufficiant measuere of Arab cooperation to permit the formation of a single arab around Israel and Israel's international isolation. 3. THE SIX DAYS WAR;JUNE 5-10 1967 Soviet Union felt USA was trying to topple Syrian Baath Party regime and isolate

Term paper Voting right Essays

Term paper Voting right Essays Term paper Voting right Essay Term paper Voting right Essay The theme of my collage was conflict. It was about the Hungarian War of 1956. When I started to work on the collage the theme was something wanted the viewer to understand as they looked at it. I did not want to give more details about this war. I wanted the viewer to see the collage and have curiously about the subject to research It. I wanted the viewer to wonder why 1956? As I progress through making my collage I want to go over the emphasis of the number 56 in red represents my theme, the lance of the images in the collage and color. Emphasizing the number fifty-six at the center of the collage was purposely done to show the theme of the collage. The Hungarian War of 1956 was a tragic war that I wanted to inform people out by doing a collage that included some of the events that happened. In the collage under the year 1956 you can see a tank with little green color. If you look closely at the tank you see it is made of dollar bills. This was to represent the war started because Stalin was taking over all the economy of the Hungarian people, which the people had enough. They were tired of not being able to control anything so they decided to fight back the Stalin government and get their land back. The Hungarian people were poor and not had much If any of actual weapons to win this war but they still fought and In the collage on the left side the big boy represents these actions of the Hungarian people. The balance of the collage was done for it to have more power on the left side than the right side. As you look at the collage on the left it is how the Hungarian War darted by people deciding to rebel, this was when people felt strong so it is the biggest image on the collage. The Hungarian people thought that if they rebel they could win against Stalins government. They did not think about all the power Stalin had because they were tired on the control they were under and their poverty. The collage was done in chronological order from the people deciding to rebel, to the Hungarian people fighting against Stalins people and ending with defeat and destruction. There are some Images that have color while others that do not. The color was one to show the power the Hungarian people had at the beginning of the war until the end of it. There is an image of skulls that is in color. This shows that there were some dead bodies at the beginning of the war but since Stalins government had left the Hungarian people alone in 1956 for three days-the Hungarian people thought they had won and had power. As the three days pass and you progress through the collage you see the tank in the middle which basically ends the Hungarian War. The end results as you look at the images in my project are people dying and total extraction of Hungary. At the right side of the collage in the top corner you see a woman that says Walt a minute That Is not right. This woman Is representing millions of the Hungarian that died because they did not have the sources of defenses that Stalins government had. There Is a clock next to her which Just represents the little time that the Hungarian people thought they had freedom from Stalins rule and how little did the is impacted by the image and decide to figure out what it symbolizes. This collage was to inform people about the Hungarian war of 1956 but also make people work for the info. I did not want to add too much detail because it be over whelming for the viewer and also it would lose the purpose of researching what happened that year. The images I used were key concepts of the Hungarian War that would help the viewer find information of what happened. I also, tried to make the shape of the collage as a semi-not perfect crown to symbolize Stalins ruling in Hungary before and after the war. His ruling was not perfect for the Hungary people but it still was their government even after their rebel.

Congress Members Who Voted Against the 2002 Iraq War

Congress Members Who Voted Against the 2002 Iraq War The directionless Iraq War has killed over 4,100 U.S. soldiers, wounded or maimed more than 200,000 more, and delivered a devastating blow to our countrys reputation and moral authority. Its time we honor the members of Congress who voted in 2002 to prevent the Bush administrations hasty rush into an unprovoked attack and occupation of Iraq. Voter Breakdown The dramatic, much-debated vote on Joint Resolution 114 was taken on Oct. 11, 2002. It passed the Senate by a vote of 77 to 23, and the House of Representatives by a vote of 296 to 133. In the end, 156 members of Congress from 36 states had enough information and personal insight and wisdom to make the correct decision for our nation and the world community. Six House Republicans and one Independent joined 126 Democratic members of the House of Representatives in voting NAY. In the Senate, 21 Democrats, one Republic, and one Independent courageously voted their consciences in 2002 against the War in Iraq. These discerning, courageous leaders are exactly what our country needs to lead us out of the present abyss in Iraq under the Bush Administration. We can trust their judgment! Voting Record This convenient list is organized by state, and features all 156 members of Congress who voted NAY to the War in Iraq, including their political affiliations. State Congress Name Party Notes Alabama Rep Earl Hilliard D retired from office Arizona Rep Ed Pastor D Arkansas Rep Vic Snyder D California Sen Barbara Boxer D California Rep Joe Baca D California Rep Xavier Becerra D California Rep Lois Capps D California Rep Gary Condit D California Rep Susan Davis D California Rep Anna Eshoo D California Rep Sam Farr D California Rep Bob Filner D California Rep Mike Honda D California Rep Barbara Lee D California Rep Zoe Lofgren D California Rep Robert Matsui D deceased California Rep Juanita Millender-McDonald D California Rep George Miller D California Rep Grace Napolitano D California Rep Nancy Pelosi D California Rep Lucille Roybal-Allard D California Rep Loretta Sanchez D California Rep Hilda Solis D California Rep Pete Stark D California Rep Mike Thompson D California Rep Maxine Waters D California Rep Diane Watson D California Rep Lynn Woolsey D Colorado Rep Diana DeGette D Colorado Rep Mark Udall D Connecticut Rep Rosa DeLauro D Connecticut Rep John Larson D Connecticut Rep James Maloney D Florida Sen Bob Graham D Florida Rep Corrine Brown D Florida Rep Alice Hastings D Florida Rep Carrie Meek D retired from office Georgia Rep John Lewis D Georgia Rep Cynthia McKinney D Hawaii Sen Daniel Akaka D Hawaii Sen Daniel Inouye D Hawaii Rep Neil Abercrombie D Illinois Sen Dick Durbin D Illinois Sen Bobby Rush D Illinois Rep Jerry Costello D Illinois Rep Danny Davis D Illinois Rep Lane Evans D Illinois Rep Luis Gutierrez D Illinois Rep Jesse Jackson Jr. D Illinois Rep Bill Lipinski D retired from office Illinois Rep Jan Schakowsky D Indiana Rep Julia Carson D Indiana Rep John Hostettler R Indiana Rep Pete Visclosky D Iowa Rep Jim Leach R Maine Rep Tom Allen D Main Rep Baldacci D Maryland Sen Barbara Mikulski D Maryland Sen Paul Sarbanes D Maryland Rep Benjamin Cardin D Maryland Rep Elijah Cummings D Maryland Rep Connie Morella D Massachusetts Sen Ted Kennedy D Massachusetts Rep Michael Capuano D Massachusetts Rep Bill Delahunt D Massachusetts Rep Barney Frank D Massachusetts Rep Jim McGovern D Massachusetts Rep Richard Neal D Massachusetts Rep John Olver D Massachusetts Rep John Tierney D Michigan Sen Carl Levin D Michigan Sen Debbie Stabenow D Michigan Rep David Bonior D Michigan Rep John Conyers Jr. D Michigan Rep John Dingell D Michigan Rep Dale Kildee D Michigan Rep Carolyn Cheeks Kilpatrick D Michigan Rep Sandy Levin D Michigan Rep Lynn Rivers D Michigan Rep Bart Stupak D Minnesota Sen Mark Dayton D Minnesota Sen Paul Wellstone D deceased Minnesota Rep Betty McCollum D Minnesota Rep Jim Oberstar D Minnesota Rep Martin Olav Sabo D Mississippi Rep Bennie Thompson D Missouri Rep William Clay Jr. D MIssouri Rep Karen McCarthy D retired from office New Jersey Sen Jon Corzine D New Jersey Rep Rush Holt D New Jersey Rep Robert Menendez D New Jersey Rep Frank Pallone Jr D New Jersey Rep Donald Payne D New Mexico Sen Jeff Bingaman D New Mexico Rep Tom Udall D New York Rep Maurice Hinchey D New York Rep Amo Houghton R New York Rep John LaFalce D New York Rep Gregory Meeks D New York Rep Jerrold Nadler D New York Rep Major Owens D New York Rep Charles Rangel D New York Rep Jose Serrano D New York Rep Louise Slaughter D New York Rep Edolphus Towns D New York Rep Nydia Velazquez D North Carolina Rep Eva Clayton D retired from office North Carolina Rep David Price D North Carolina Rep Melvin Watt D North Dakota Sen Kent Conrad D Ohio Rep Sherrod Brown D Ohio Rep Stephanie Tubbs Jones D Ohio Rep Marcy Kaptur D Ohio Rep Dennis Kucinich D Ohio Rep Thomas Sawyer D Ohio Rep Ted Strickland D Oregon Sen Ron Wyden D Oregon Rep Earl Blumenauer D Oregon Rep Peter DeFazio D Oregon Rep Darlene Hooley D Oregon Rep David Wu D Pennsylvania Rep Robert Brady D Pennsylvania Rep William Coyne D retired from office Pennsylvania Rep Mike Doyle D Pennsylvania Rep Chaka Fattah D Rhode Island Sen Lincoln Chafee D Rhode Island Sen Jack Reed D Rhode Island Rep James Langevin D South Carolina Rep Gresham Barrett R South Carolina Rep James Clyburn D Tennessee Rep John Duncan Jr R Texas Rep Lloyd Doggett D Texas Rep Charles Gonzalez D Texas Rep Ruben Hinojosa D Texas Rep Sheila Jackson-Lee D Texas Rep Eddie Bernice Johnson D Texas Rep Ron Paul R Texas Rep Silvestre Reyes D Texas Rep Ciro Rodriguez D retired from office Vermont Sen Jim Jeffords D Vermont Sen Patrick Leahy D Vermont Rep Bernie Sanders I Virginia Rep Jim Moran D Virginia Rep Bobby Scott D Washington Sen Patty Murray D Washington Rep Jay Inslee D Washington Rep Rick Larsen D Washington Rep Jim McDermott D District of Columbia Rep Brian Baird D West Virginia Sen Robert Byrd D West Virginia Rep Alan Mollohan D West Virginia Rep Nick Rahall D Wisconsin Sen Russ Feingold D Wisconsin Rep Tammy Baldwin D Wisconsin Rep Jerry Kleczka D retired from office Wisconsin Rep David Obey D

Cantonese Romanization System Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Cantonese Romanization System - Research Paper Example From the essay it is clear this is a form of Romanizing Cantonese proper nouns that is widely used by the Hong Kong government departments and non-governmental organizations in Hong Kong. This use of this method by the government has a long history dating back to the days of British rule and it has undergone a lot of metamorphosis through the two world wars. There are no strict guidelines laid on the method since it just established itself and since then it became a common practice. Due to the un-standardized nature of the method, this system got its critics to a point that other systems are recommended in teaching institutions for its place. As the research declares there are several drawbacks associated with Hong Kong government Romanization system. Firstly, Hong Kong government Romanization system not fully standardized as a system and thus posses a great challenge in spelling since many of the phonemes are similar to more than one letter combination or the other way round. Secondly, In Hong Kong government Romanization system, all tones and distinctions between unaspirated and aspirated stops are omitted and this leads to a great problem in spelling. Lastly, there is existence of inconsistencies throughout Hong Kong government Romanization system as a result of loss of distinctions historically. That is, a distinction between alveolar and palatal sounds making most consonants undistinguished in present-day speech, lacks tone marks, lacks diacritics and different spellings sometimes used for the similar phonemes.

Analysis and Action Plan for a Middle School Teacher of English Essay

Analysis and Action Plan for a Middle School Teacher of English Language Learners - Essay Example In this classroom, Mr. O’Malley tends to use the natural approach and English Language Development (ELD) in Maria’s case even though it was not successfully as she could not interact with others. The ELD strategy involves the use of systematic instructional strategy that is designed to enhance English acquisition by students to whom English is not the primary language (WIDA, 2012). In this case, the learners interact with each other. Mr. O’Malley made sure that Maria’s classmates assisted her and included her in every activity. The natural language acquisition process has the student developing basic communication skills first and focusses on fluency while speaking English in a social context. The heterogeneous grouping of the natural process was through ensuring that Maria got included in every activity. In the case of Mikhail, Mr. O’Malley used the strategy of connecting learning to previous knowledge; though it was unsuccessful as he could not write a good essay without grammatical issues. The strategy comprises providing the student with new topic connections or events from the learner’s background and making them give a connection between the vocabulary in their first language and English. Mikhail had been schooling in the United for two years; thus he does not have a problem communicating in class, but his main problem is in grammatical mistakes. Therefore, linking his knowledge of English learned in the college to his first language can help improve his grammar. After and before reading, students tend to respond to prompts that assist them in linking their experiences to the main theme and characters (Curtin, 2009). The instructional inputs that follow the prompts give oral language practice for the ELLs and assist in deepening the students’ comprehension conceptual framework. Researchers discovered that the instructional input increases comprehension for the ELLs and deepens their

Land Pollution Essay Example for Free

Land Pollution Essay Causes of Land Pollution 1. Degenerative Actions Degenerative Actions encompass a lot of human actions, including deforestation, overuse of pesticides and chemical fertilizers, desertification, mining, inefficient and / or inadequate waste treatment, landfill, litter, etc. 2. Misuse of Land Misuse of Land mainly refers to felling of trees to clear land for agriculture, as well as processes like desertification and land conversion. Desertification is when anthropogenic effects of human development or other actions convert a piece of (essentially) fertile land into desert-land or dry land. Land once converted to desert-land can never be reclaimed by any amount of corrective measures. This is also a serious issue because t does not only affect the land, but also the overall biodiversity of a place, especially when land is cleared for agriculture. A lot of indigenous flora and fauna is lost in the process. 3. Soil Pollution Soil Pollution is when the top-most soil layer of land is destroyed or polluted. Soil pollution is again another cause of land pollution that affects not only the land, but also a lot of other things such as forest cover of a region, productivity of land in terms of agriculture, grazing etc. Soil pollution is also caused by wrong agricultural practices, such as overuse of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. This causes non-biodegradable chemicals to enter and accumulate in the food-chain a process often referred to as biomagnification of a pollutant. 4. Land Conversion Land Conversion is the process whereby a piece of land is converted from its indigenous form to a form used for either agriculture or infrastructure. Land conversion is especially a growing problem that we possibly do not have a good or a good enough solution for. The best way to avoid land conversion is to make efficient use of the available land. Using a piece of land to its maximum potential is the key to eliminate many of the causes of land pollution. Effects of Land Pollution 1. Effects on Climate Land pollution can affect the general environment of the Earth. Land pollutions leads to loss in the forest cover of Earth. This is in turn going to affect the amount of rain. Less rains mean lesser vegetation. The effect of all different kinds of pollution will eventually lead to problems like acid rains, greenhouse effect, global warming. All of these problems have already initiated and need to be curbed before the situation runs out of control. 2. Extinction of Species One of the major causes of concern is the extinction of species. Species are pushed towards endangerment and extinction primarily by two processes. Habitat fragmentation is the fragmentation of the natural habitat of an organism; cause primarily by urban sprawl. Habitat destruction, on the other hand, is when land clearing adversely affects animals special such that their natural habitat is lost. Both the actions can cause some species to go extinct and others to become invasive. 3. Biomagnification Biomagnification is the process in which certain non-biodegradable substances go on accumulating in the food-chain (in one or more species). The most common example is of methylmercury in fish and mercury in eagles. Not only does biomagnification put the particular species at risk, it puts all the species above and below it at risk, and ultimately affects the food pyramid. 4. Effects on Biodiversity Species extinction and biomagnification is going to overthrow the balance of nature very significantly. The main reason for this is disturbance created in the food chain. To give you a very simple example on account of biomagnification of mercury in eagles, they might go extinct in the subsequent years. However, we know eagles prey on snakes. Less (or no) eagles will then result in more number of snakes! Ways to Reduce Land Pollution 1. Reduce toxic materials. Waste materials that are disposed of should have minimal toxic materials. This can be done by treating the waste materials with various chemicals to make them less toxic. Once the waste is treated, it can be disposed of using responsible methods. Harmful chemicals can also be replaced with less toxic, biodegradable materials. 2. Recycle waste materials. As explained by the Stanford Recycling Center, each American throws away 7 1/2 lbs. of garbage. Garbage requires landfills, which takes up large amounts of land. 3. Buy organics products, especially organic cleaners, pesticides, insecticides and fertilizers. The advantage of using organic products is that they are biodegradable and friendly to the environment. 4. Avoid littering. Excessive littering is one of most common reasons for land pollution. 5. Take initiative to inform others about the harmful effects of littering. Organic wastes must be disposed off in areas that are far from human or animal habitation. Waste like plastic, metals, glass and paper must be recycled and reused. 6. Improve fertility of the land by reforesting. Soils in forested lands are far more fertile than soil without trees, suggesting that trees have the ability to fertilize land.

macbeth :: essays research papers

MACBETH In Shakespeare’s play Macbeth, there are power struggles that interfere with personal relationships. The love and honor of the state or the love and loyalty of family is brought up to question. State and family are very similar, as they are both very important. But which one is more is not an easy question. In the eye’ of Macbeth and Macduff, characters in Macbeth the answer is simple, state. Loyalty to state is more valued to Macbeth and Macduff.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Macduff must not care for his family for he would not leave them all alone. â€Å"To leave his wife, to leave his babes, His mansion and his titles in a place from whence himself does fly? Act 4 Sc 2; these are the words of lady Macduff talking about her husband. If Macduff loves his family he would at lest tell his wife where he has run off to so she does not worry. It is easy to see that Macduff loves his country more than his family. â€Å"Wear thou thy wrongs; The title is affeered. Fare thee well, lord. I would not be the villain that thou think’st for the whole space that’s in the tyrant’s grasp and the rich East to boot.† Act 4 Sc3 this shows Macduff’s feelings about the situation of Macbeth being king. Macduff does not want to see the country of Scotland suffer, and he is showing his loyalty to king Duncan by going to his son Malcolm the person who should be king.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As with Macbeth the title of king is of more importance than a friend who he has been in battle with and is as his right hand man. â€Å"My noble partner you greet with present grace and great prediction of noble having and of royal hope,†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Act 1 Sc 3 this is of Banquo talking about Macbeth as these are traveling along together. Banquo is as a loyal partner and friend to Macbeth. But because Macbeth thinks that he is a better leader he does not want Banquo and his sons to rule the country. â€Å"Your children should be kings† Act 1 Sc 3. Even with Banquo being a noble friend this prophecy scares Macbeth and is left with one choice to kill his friend. â€Å"With barefaced power sweep him from my sight.† Act 3 Sc. 1. All this for the kingdom. Macbeth’s insecurity led him to believe that Macduff was betraying him and ordered the killing of Macduff’s family.

Problems of Cross Border Listing and the Way Forward

Background Paper: Obstacles to cross-border listings and acquisitions in the financial sector A. Purpose of the paper In September 2004, the informal Ecofin Council in Scheveningen discussed the issue of lagging crossborder consolidation1 in the banking area. This low level of cross-border consolidation is not confined to banking, but is relevant for the whole financial sector, with some nuances. In the upcoming Financial Integration Monitor report, the Commission will dedicate a chapter on the quantitative aspects of crossborder restructuring, confirming the trends discussed in Scheveningen. Indeed, between 1999 and 2004, the report will show that cross-border mergers and acquisitions (M&As) accounted for around 20% of the total value of M&As in the financial sector, whereas cross-border deals represented 45% of M&As in other sectors over the same period. 2 Finance Ministers asked the Commission to examine possible explanations for this low level of pan- European restructuring specific to the financial sector, by reviewing the obstacles to cross-border M&As, in order to identify possible internal market failures, gaps or shortcomings. It should be stressed that the role of the Commission is to ensure that existing EU law is enforced properly, as well as to propose growth-supportive actions, within the context of the overall EU competitiveness policy. It must be equally clear that the Commission does not intent to favour specific business models or to influence individual market decisions, as long as they are compatible with the Treaty rules and the EU secondary law. On that basis, it is the role of the Commission to analyse market functioning, in order to detect any unjustified obstacles that would hamper companies in making their own decisions regarding their business organisation in the Internal Market. The misuse of the supervisory powers to block cross-border mergers has been identified by Ministers of Finance as a possible obstacle to cross-border mergers and acquisitions. The Commission has already taken steps to improve and clarify the current provisions in the relevant directive, to avoid such situations. At the same time, there may be other factors explaining the lack of cross-border mergers in the financial services sector, when assessed against the domestic consolidation3 process. This paper tries to draw a first list of potential obstacles to cross-border mergers, i. e. obstacles that would make a cross-border merger less attractive, more expensive or more complex than a domestic merger. It covers the whole financial sector, trying to distinguish between market segments when relevant. Obstacles to consolidation in general (i. e. bstacles that impede domestic consolidation as well) are not covered. Obstacles to forms of integration other than cross-border M&As (such as direct cross-border provision of services) are also out of the scope of this paper, even though some obstacles might be relevant for different channels of integration. This list is aimed at providing all possible explaining factors, in order to serve at a later stage as a base for discussion on which of those obstacl es should, and could, be removed in order to achieve the objective of improving the functioning of the Internal Market for financial services. It is not a policy paper, but a first analysis of the explanations behind the facts discussed at the Scheveningen informal Ecofin Council. 1 Cross-border consolidation means in this paper consolidation involving entities located in different EU Member States. 2 The full study will be published in the â€Å"Financial Integration Monitor – 2005†, due in May 2005. 3 Domestic consolidation is to be understood as consolidation occurring within a single EU Member State. DG Internal Market and Services – April 2005 IPM survey on obstacles to cross-border mergers and acquisitions 2 In its present form, the paper does not distinguish between those obstacles that are key to explain lagging cross-border consolidation, and those of a more anecdotic nature. In addition, some obstacles mentioned here might be not relevant any more, but they may have influenced the situation of the past few years and could therefore provide part of the explanation for low cross-border consolidation up to now. However, we tried to mention the ongoing developments related to each obstacle identified. Introduction To Cross Border Listing The last two decades has witnessed acceleration in financial globalization represented by an increase in cross-country foreign assets. This has been the consequence of the international liberalization of capital flows as well as of the technological progress. These two phenomenons have lowered the barriers among individual national capital markets; however, geography has not become irrelevant. Obstacles to international capital flows (mainly the legal restrictions and costs associated with trading and acquiring information on firms listed abroad), i. e. the segmentation of markets, still exist. These barriers are creating incentives for corporate managers to adopt financial policies such as international cross-listing. For example, the US exchanges over the last few decades have attracted a sizeable share of the cross listed firms. Reasons for Cross border Quotation Cross border listings can help the company raise more capital by targeting new shareholders. However not all cross border listing are accompanied by share placements as this may affect liquidity and share price. Publicly-listed foreign corporations would therefore undertake to list on overseas exchanges for a variety of reasons: 1. To boost its status as a truly global player. 2. To raise Capital through debt or equity. 3. To increase trading volume. 4. To improve shareholder relations. 5. To enhance its visibility among overseas investors and consumers. 6. To tap into retail and institutional funds and benefit from changing global attitudes toward equity investing Challenges and recommendations of cross border listing There are challenges that happen to exist when considering cross-border listing for a company or country in general. First of all, potential investors located in the secondary market might be reticent, unwilling to trust and invest in a foreign firm on the market. In such a way, the company might lose prestige rather than gain more of it whilst entering a foreign xchange market. Secondly, barriers exist between countries; the real challenge might be the attitude regarding foreign firms entering a local market; this encompasses shareholder attitudes from an internal point of view of a company, as the latter might not be willing to go abroad in certain cases. Furthermore, political attitude of the secondary market’s country plays a great role in the presence of barriers. Restrictive political attitudes might give ri se to more barriers than usual to those wishing to enter the exchange market. This might also be the case the other way round, more precisely, regarding political stability; meaning that political instability in a country results in the market to be more risky and potentially unprofitable for the external firm. Another challenge is the element of uncertainty concerning policy factors such as taxation, accounting and financial standards and mechanisms but also the country’s economic and financial policies that might change, for example in the case of a change in political regiment. Such a change, if radical in some cases can become very challenging in terms of adaptation for the firm. . Methodology The paper tries to distinguish between three generic categories of obstacles: (i) Execution risks: those are obstacles that may pose a threat to a successful outcome of a bid, or may well result in the blocking of a deal. This category also covers obstacles because of which the expected result of a bid may not be what could be expected, even though the bid itself was successful. Obstacles in this category may not materialize and therefore may not have a direct cost, but their simple perception may deter potential bidders, or target entities and their shareholders, from initiating a merger process. (ii) One-off costs: those are specific costs that are caused by the execution of the cross-border deal, and would not exist in a domestic merger or acquisition deal. (iii)On-going costs: those are additional costs in the management of the merged entities, once the merger is achieved, which would not exist in the management of merged entities within the same domestic arket. Those costs can be direct (additional costs to manage the entities merged cross-border compared with the entities merged domestically) or indirect (lower synergies within the entities merged cross-border that within the entities merged domestically). The identified obstacles are also grouped according to their nature: legal barriers, tax barriers, implications of supervisory rules and requirement s, economic barriers and attitudinal barriers. A summary table is enclosed at the end. * * * C. Identified obstacles to cross-border mergers I. Legal Barriers a) Execution risks 1. Cross-border takeover bids are complex transactions that may involve the handling of a significant number of legal entities, listed or not, and which are often governed by local rules (company law, market regulations, self regulations). Not only a foreign bidder might be disadvantaged or impeded by a potential lack of information, but also some legal incompatibilities might appear in the merger process resulting in a deadlock, even though the bid would be â€Å"friendly†. This legal uncertainty may constitute a significant execution risk and act as a barrier to cross-border consolidation. The new Takeover Bids Directive (2004/25/EC), adopted on 21 April 2004, lays down common rules in order to ensure greater legal certainty for cross-border takeovers. The Directive has to be transposed by May 2006. DG Internal Market and Services – April 2005 IPM survey on obstacles to cross-border mergers and acquisitions 3 2. The financial sectors of some Member States include institutions with complex legal setup resulting in opaque decision making processes. An institution based in another Member State might only have a partial understanding of all the parameters at stake, some of them not formalized. Such a situation might constitute a significant failure risk, as a potential bidder might not have a clear understanding of who might approve or reject a merger or acquisition proposal. 3. In some cases, legal structures are not only complex but also prevent, de jure or de facto, some institutions to be taken over or even merge (in the context of a friendly bid) with institutions of a different type. Such restrictions are not specific to cross-border mergers, but could provide part of the explanation of the low level of cross-border M&As, since consolidation is possible within a group of similar institutions (at a domestic level) whereas it is not possible with other types of institutions (which makes any cross-border merger almost impossible). 4. In some Member States, the privatization of financial institutions has sometimes been accompanied by specific legal measures aimed at capping the total participation of non-resident shareholders in those companies or imposing prior agreement from the Administration (i. . â€Å"golden shares†). Some of such measures were clearly discriminatory against foreign institutions, when it came to consolidation. The European Court of Justice has indicated that such measures were not justified by general-interest reasons linked to strategic requirements and the need to ensure continuity in public services when applied to commercial entitie s operating in the traditional financial sector. See for instance cases C-367/98 (judgement of 4 June 2002) or C-463/00 (judgement of 13 May 2003). 5. In some Member States, company law allows the company boards to set up defence mechanisms, such as double voting rights and poison pills, to prevent any hostile bids. Such asymmetries in company law might distort the level playing field within the EU, and protect national markets, sometimes to the benefits of participants in these markets. The initial Commission’s proposal for the new Takeover Bids Directive (2004/25/EC), adopted on 21 April 2004, included the approval of shareholders before activating defence mechanisms to counter a takeover bid. This provision has been repelled by the European Parliament and the Council. In the adopted text, Member States may decide to forbid such arrangements (i. e. opt in). 6. Even if an acquisition is successful, there may exist impediments to effective control, i. e. there may be a risk that the acquiring company does not acquire proportionate influence in the decision making process within the acquired company – while being exposed to disproportionate financial risks. This can be explained notably by the existence of special voting rights, ineffective proxy voting or use of the Administrative office by a foreign acquirer. Also barriers (or restrictions) to sell shares could hamper the process. As mentioned in  §5, the Commission’s initial proposal for a new Takeover Bids Directive tackled some of these issues, but some provisions were taken out of the final version during the co-decision procedure. Also, as part of the Corporate Governance Action Plan, the Commission opened a consultation on the exercise of Shareholders’ rights which was closed in December 2004. 7. Differences in national reporting schemes, notably as regards accounting systems, may result in difficulties to assess the financial situation of a potential target. From January 2005, listed EU companies will be required to publish their consolidated accounts using International Accounting Standards, as endorsed by the Commission. Member States have the option of extending the requirements of the IAS Regulation (EC 1606/2002) to unlisted companies and all banks and insurance companies and to the production of non-consolidated accounts. DG Internal Market and Services – April 2005 IPM survey on obstacles to cross-border mergers and acquisitions 4 b) One-off costs 8. The national laws of some countries might include restrictions on the type of offers that can be executed (i. e. ash only vs. exchange of shares). Even though such measures are not in themselves discriminatory to cross-border mergers, they might constitute a barrier to cross-border consolidation, given that the different features of such mergers (notably in terms of size) could call for a specific type of offer. c) Ongoing costs 9. Differences in employment legislation across t he EU may also create barriers for efficient and flexible (re)organisation. In particular, the procedures to move staff within a pan-European group remain very complex (furthermore in some cases, prudential rules impose constraints on the location of staff – cf. n insurance art. 3 of Directive 95/26/EC). Those differences may also result in higher legal costs to deal with the different legal systems, as well as complex processes and different timelines when trying to introduce changes on a cross-border basis. 10. The different accounting systems across the EU have also required companies to set up adapted IT, specific personnel and reporting systems. This limits the scope of possible cost synergies when two institutions merge across the border, where as such synergies do exist when two institutions merge within the same Member States. ? See  §7. 11. The consumer protection rules are very different from one Member State to another. This heterogeneity translates into the nece ssity of country-customised financial products compliant with those rules, and therefore also specific IT systems that handle those products and consumer relationship. For instance, this has been evidenced in the mortgage credit sector in the report recently published by the mortgage credit forum group set up by the Commission. Furthermore, those different rules are often based on the â€Å"general good† provisions and consequently potential abuses aimed at protecting the national markets are difficult to challenge in court. A significant example is the case C-442/02 (CaixaBank vs. France), where the European Court ruled in October 2004 that France could not ban interest bearing current accounts in that it constitutes an obstacle to the freedom of establishment. 12. Differences in national implementations of the Directive on data protection may also interfere with an optimal organisation of businesses within merged companies. Indeed, it can have a strong impact on IT systems and limit back-office rationalisation. 13. More generally, differences of approaches in private law, sometimes explained by historical or cultural factors, may impose a country-by-country approach for some products or services (especially in the insurance sector), with the same results as differences in consumer protection rules. Those differences include notably liability and bankruptcy rules, with the implied difficulties of enforcing cross-border collateral arrangements, as well as differences in legal rules for securities. ? The Commission is working with researchers and stakeholders to develop a Common Frame of Reference for contract law as a form of handbook identifying best solutions in European contract law and giving guidance on the different approaches used, with a view to providing common definitions, principles and model rules for use in lawmaking (see COM 2004 (651) final: â€Å"European Contract Law and the revision of the acquis: the way forward†). DG Internal Market and Services – April 2005 IPM survey on obstacles to cross-border mergers and acquisitions 5 II. Tax barriers a) Execution risks 14. As mentioned earlier, mergers and acquisitions are complex processes. Despite some harmonised rules, taxation issues are mainly dealt with in national rules, and are not always fully clear or exhaustive to ascertain the tax impact of a cross-border merger or acquisition. This uncertainty on tax arrangements sometimes requires seeking for special agreements or arrangements from the tax authorities on an ad hoc basis, whereas in the case of a domestic deal the process is much more deterministic. The Merger Directive (90/434/EEC) provides for the deferred taxation of capital gains arising from cross-border corporate restructuring carried out in the form of mergers, divisions, transfers of assets or exchanges of shares. Taxation of the capital gain is deferred until a later disposal of the assets. In October 2003, the Commission put forward a proposal to improve the Mergers Directive (90/434/EEC), which aims at clarifying the scope of the Directive as well as ensuring it applies to European Companies and European Co-operative Societies. Political agreement by the Council was reached on 7 December 2004. 15. The uncertainty on VAT regime applicable to financial products and services may put at risk the business model or envisaged synergies. The EU's VAT legislation in this area is badly in need of modernisation and because of its inadequacies, there is an increasing tendency to resort to litigation. The outcome can often be uncertain and as a result tax implications may place a question mark over otherwise sound business strategies. In recent years, the number of significant ECJ cases on VAT and financial services has increased steadily. Individual judgement may indeed clarify the law in particular circumstances but often at the cost of consequences which may not always be compatible with overall Community policy objectives. To take just one example, case C-8/03, Banque Bruxelles Lambert SA vs. Belgian State, the ECJ arrived at a judgement on the VAT treatment of open-ended investment companies (SICAVs) which has the potential to create tension in achieving the objective of equality of treatment and sustaining a level playing field for operators across the EU. In the absence of legislative measures, it is inevitable that the Court will play an increasing role with uncertain consequences. The Commission has attempted to address the provisions of the 6th VAT Directive (77/388/EEC) dealing with financial services but without much success. DG Taxud is currently looking at the distortive effect of these provisions and intends to proceed with a process of modernisation which will better ensure their compatibility with the objectives of the Internal Market and give business greater certainty about the tax implications of business decisions. ) One-off costs 16. The principal relief from the Merger Directive (90/434/EEC) is the deferral of tax on the capital gains on the assets transferred in a transaction covered by the Directive. However, in some cases where the Directive does not apply, special corporate structures have to be put in place to avoid such an exit tax on capital gains. This is for instance the case when permanent establishments are transferred from one Member State to another, by a holding company located in a third Member State. It can also occur when a subsidiary is converted into a branch. See comment of  §14. Also related to this issue is the judgement published in March 2004 (case C-9/02 – de Lasteyrie du Saillant) by the European court which ruled that taxation on unrealised capital gains of a natural person moving to another Member State constitutes an obstacle to the freedom of establishment. c) Ongoing costs 17. The issue of transfer pricing is a complex one for a group operating in several countries. As was evidenced in the Commission’s Communication â€Å"Towards an Internal Market without tax obstacles – A strategy for providing companies with a consolidated corporate tax base for their EU-wide DG Internal Market and Services – April 2005 IPM survey on obstacles to cross-border mergers and acquisitions 6 activities† (COM(2001) 582), a lack of common approach to allocate profits may rise to numerous problems on the fiscal treatment of intra-group transfer pricing, notably in the form of high compliance cost and potential double taxation. The Commission set up a â€Å"EU Joint Transfer Pricing Forum† with Member States and business representatives, meeting on a regular basis. Bringing together all parties concerned to discuss the issues at stake it helps to reach a better common understanding and allows to identify possible non-legislative improvements to the practical problems in order to reduce compliance cost and prevent disputes. 18. A group operating across several Member States may wish to centralize support functions to increase operating efficiency. But in many cases the result will include creating a VAT penalty on the inter group supply of services (e. . legal services or other back technical operations) to another Member State. Given that in the financial services sector VAT is at best only partially recoverable, this represents significant additional costs that penalised cost synergies to expect from a crossborder merger when compared to a national merger. This tax penalty on cross-border shared ser vice operations is in addition to the general bias towards vertical integration which is widely perceived as a barrier to efficiency in the existing VAT provisions. See comment of  §15. 19. The lack of a homogeneous system of loss compensation across the EU affects the profit taxation at the group level. A group with several subsidiaries in the same Member State may offset profits in some of them by losses in others, whereas it will be more difficult, if possible at all, with a group with subsidiaries in several Member States. Therefore groups may prefer intra-domestic consolidation to enjoy wider diversification effects as they may benefit from direct horizontal loss compensation instead of deferred and incomplete vertical compensation between subsequent fiscal years. ? In the pending case C-446/03 (Marks & Spencer), the European Court Justice has been asked whether it is contradictory to the EC treaty to prevent a company to reduce its taxable profits by setting off losses incurred in other Member States, while it is allowed to do so with losses incurred in subsidiaries established in the State of the parent company. 20. Specific domestic tax breaks may favour specifi c, non-harmonized products or services, with the result that every institution has to provide this service or product if it wants to remain competitive. In such a situation, a merger between two entities located in that domestic market may yield synergies of scale, whereas it will be more difficult to exploit comparable synergies for a foreign institution taking over a domestic one, while not being entitled to the tax break in their home state. 21. In some cases, there may be discriminatory tax treatments for foreign products or services, i. e. products or services provided from a Member State different from the one where it is sold. Therefore, a cross-border group will be disadvantaged when trying to centralise the â€Å"industrial functions† (e. g. asset management functions) over a domestic group since the latter may keep all its value chain within the country and still benefit from synergies. In the area of asset management, the Commission has opened a number of infringement cases to examine the tax treatments of dividends on foreign investment funds that could potentially be discriminatory (infringements 2000/5059 vs. DE, 2002/4714 vs. AT, 2003/2009 vs. FR, 1994/476 vs. EL, 2003/2010 vs. IT). 22. The impact of taxation on dividends might influence the shareholders’ acceptance of a cross-border merger. Even though a seat transfer or a quotation in another stock market might be justified for economic reasons, groups of shareholders could be opposed to such an operation if it implies higher non-refundable withholding tax, and thus lower returns on their investments. See COM(2003) 810 for a presentation of the different tax schemes applying to dividends across the EU. In the cases C-315/02 (Lenz) and C-319/02 (Manninen), the European Court of Justice ruled in 2004 that taxation on DG Internal Market and Services – April 2005 IPM survey on obstacles to cross-border mergers and acquisitions 7 dividends should make no distinction between dividends originating from domestic companies and those originating from companies established in another Member State. In particular, tax credit mechanisms or reduced rates should apply equally to all dividends distributed by any company established in the EU. III. Implications of supervisory rules and requirements a) Execution risks 3. A cross-border merger may highlight gaps or imperfections in the regulatory framework which may make regulators feel uncertain how to proceed, leading to delay, the imposition of specific measures or a veto of the proposed merger. In the banking sector, for example, the emergence of large cross-border groups might raise local supervisors’ concerns regarding financial st ability (e. g. the ongoing discussions on deposit guarantee schemes). In other sectors such as exchanges which had traditionally operated within one national market, regulators may be unclear how to operate in a cross-border context. ? The Economic and Financial Council is examining the effects of increased integration of the financial sector on financial stability and crisis management. Several areas, among which deposit guarantee schemes, are being scrutinized to ensure that the regulatory and supervisory framework is adapted to cross-border consolidation. 24. The misuse of supervisory powers, notably regarding those related to the approval of changes in the shareholding, have also been indicated as raising obstacles to cross-border consolidation. Although it was confirmed by the Commission that such powers should only be used on prudential grounds (Champalinaud case), the current legislation offers significant leeway for supervisors to veto cross-border consolidation. Following the mandate given by the Economic and Finance Council at their Informal Scheveningen meeting (10 and 11 September 2004), the Commission is considering the relevant provision of the Codified banking Directive and has put a discussion paper to the Banking Advisory Committee on 24 November 2004. A similar discussion took place at the Insurance Committee on 1 December 2004. 25. The complexity of the numerous supervisory approval processes in the case of a cross-border merger can also pose a risk to the outcome of the transaction as some delays must be respected and adds to the overall uncertainty. In particular, in the case of a merger between two parent companies with subsidiaries in different countries, ‘indirect change of control’ regulations may require that all the national supervisors of all the subsidiaries must approve the merger. b) One-off costs c) Ongoing costs 26. Despite a common regulatory framework, there might be significant divergences in supervisory practices at the level of institutions. Such divergences might be explained by optionality in the harmonised rules, including provisions taken at national level that exceed the harmonised provisions (‘superequivalent’ measures), or lack of coherence in enforcement of common rules. The consequence is a limit on homogeneous approaches, and therefore synergies, of risk control and risk management within a cross-border group. The Lamfalussy approach has been extended to the areas of banking and insurance, which i. . provides for EU supervisory committees in charge of achieving greater convergence in supervisory practices. The new Capital Requirements Directive provides an enhanced framework for supervisory cooperation, as will the upcoming Solvency II Directive. 27. The multiple reporting requirements, in some cases combined with a lack of transparency in terms of requirements and d efinitions, may also impose a significant and costly administrative burden on DG Internal Market and Services – April 2005 IPM survey on obstacles to cross-border mergers and acquisitions 8 cross-border groups. Indeed, a cross-border merger might cause heavier reporting requirements compared to those imposed on the two entities that are being merged. Instead of creating cost synergies as in a domestic merger, a cross-border might even create additional costs. The Commission set up a forum group which set out several recommendations in a report published in June 2003. To follow-up on these recommendations and within the overall so-called â€Å"Pillar II† work, the Committee of European Banking Supervisors is investigating the technical solutions to enable a streamlined reporting regime in the field of banking. IV. Economic barriers a) Execution risks b) One-off costs 28. The fragmentation of the European equity markets may impose additional transaction cost on a cross-border merger. For instance, the exchange of share mechanism can be complex, and more expensive, when the two entities involved are listed on different stock exchanges. The additional costs might also influence the bidder on the type of deals (i. e. cash vs. exchange of shares). c) Ongoing costs 29. Independently of the legal frameworks or tax incentives (see  §13 and 20), some differences in product mix, are explained by habits, preferences or even history. This is especially true for the most common products, such as payment instruments. As a result, the potential for product rationalization resulting from a cross-border merger is more limited than for a domestic merger. 30. In cross-border groups, there are also more non-overlapping fixed costs, which cannot be spread over several countries. Indeed, even without legal, tax or prudential barriers, there would remain differences between Member States that would require a differentiated approach to be adapted to the local environment. This limits potential synergies. The most obvious example is language, and the implications in terms of customer services for instance. 31. The low level of cross-border consolidation might also be explained by a lack of potential targets, due to the lack of middle-size institutions. National consolidation of middle-size institutions resulted in the emergence of rather large and complex institutions. The few examples of cross-border mergers seem to indicate that it implies more often a big institution taking over a middle-size one. Taking over a big institution may perceived as too complex (and risky), whereas the takeover of a small one might not be sufficient to offset the induced costs. 32. The absence of critical size in some market segments (e. g. investment banking) may incite institutions to enter into a niche strategy, where the advantages of cross-border mergers that create large players is less evident from an economic point of view. Indeed, not only it would be difficult to find synergies between two niche players, but also absolute size would not necessarily be an advantage if an institution wants to maintain its competitive advantage in its niche market. 3. Domestic mergers can contribute to increase market power, and therefore increased profitability even without any cost synergies (i. e. raising the income while maintaining the costs at a constant level). Since most of the retail markets are still organized on a national basis, cross-border mergers yield very few, if any, increased market power. 34. Differences in economic cycles across the different Member States may also play a role, in that the economic environment has a strong effect on bank profitability. Different strategies might be DG Internal Market and Services – April 2005 IPM survey on obstacles to cross-border mergers and acquisitions 9 needed for different macroeconomic conditions, and therefore it might limit the scope of a potential pan-European strategy implemented at the level of a cross-border group, whereas domestic groups face a single economic environment. However, this could also be a driver for consolidation, as those differences in cycles can help to smooth the profitability by reducing risk and earnings volatility through geographical diversification. V. Attitudinal barriers ) Execution risks 35. Openly or not, some Member States may promote a â€Å"national industrial policy†, aiming at the creation of â€Å"national champions†. Among possible justifications, some may argue that such a policy may ensure adequate financing of the national economy. Political considerations may also play a role with recently privatised companies or institutions that have received public money. This political interference may block a cross-border merger, even though such this transaction is compatible with the existing rules. Such interference might not require formal powers or rules to materialize. Indeed, as evidenced in the previous sections, there are many obstacles to overcome to carry through a cross-border merger that it is realistic to think that no cross-border merger can be achieved if there is a strong political opposition. In addition, such a policy may lead to tolerance of high levels of concentration at a domestic level, allowing (or even encouraging) domestic consolidation over cross-border consolidation and making it even more difficult to accept a foreign takeover of a national institution with a significant market share. 36. Employees’ reluctance within the target company of a cross-border deal might also pose a threat to the successful outcome of the transaction. Indeed, employees may not accept to be managed from another country. A public opposition to the project may influence analysts’ assessment. Also employees may play a role if they have a participation in the company. 37. Cross-border mergers may imply a change in the place of quotation, or even in the currency of quotation. Shareholders’ acceptance of quotation changes may be limited, even all risks or tax impacts are eliminated. Indeed, the place of quotation may have an important symbolic value. 8. Given that cross-border mergers are complex and need to overcome a number of execution risks (as evidenced in this document), there might be an impact on shareholders’ and analysts’ apprehension of failure risk when it comes to cross-border mergers. b) One-off costs c) Ongoing costs 39. Interference with political considerations may also have consequences in the structures put in place after a cross-border merger. Such political concessions (e. g. guarantees of level of employment, no headquarter moves, protection of the local brand) may help in getting the merger through the ifferent obstacles, but constrain the resulting cross-border entity in realising the full potential of the merger as options may be severely limited. 40. Consumers may mistrust foreign entities, meaning that all parameters being equal, a local incumbent may have an advantage over a competitor identified as foreign. This explains why foreign institutions often prefer to keep a local brand, even though it might impede synergies across certain functions (e. g. marketing) or slow down the integration process (transition from one brand to another over a long period of time). DG Internal Market and Services – April 2005 IPM survey on obstacles to cross-border mergers and acquisitions 10 Summary I. Legal Barriers II. Tax barriers III. Implications of supervisory rules and requirements IV. Economic barriers V. Attitudinal barriers a) Execution risks 1. Legal uncertainty 2. Opaque decision making processes 3. Legal structures 4. Limits or controls on foreign participations 5. Defence mechanisms 6. Impediments to effective control 7. Difficulties to assess the financial situation 14. Uncertainty on tax arrangements 15. Uncertainty on VAT regime 23. Concerns regarding financial stability 24. Misuse of supervisory powers 25. Supervisory approval processes 35. Political interference 36. Employees’ reluctance 37. Shareholders’ acceptance of quotation changes 38. Shareholders’ and analysts’ apprehension of failure risk b) One-off costs 8. Restriction on offers 16. Exit tax on capital gains 28. Fragmentation of the European capital markets c) Ongoing costs 9. Employment legislation 10. Accounting systems 11. Divergent consumer protection rules 12. Data protection 13. Differences in private law 17. Transfer pricing 18. Inter-group VAT 19. No homogeneous loss compensation 20. Specific domestic tax breaks 21. Discriminatory tax treatments 22. Taxation on dividends 26. Divergences in supervisory practices 27. Multiple reporting requirements 29. Different product mixes 30. Non-overlapping fixed costs 31. Lack of middle-size institutions 32. Absence of critical size 33. Market power 34. Differences in economic cycles 39. Political concessions 40. Consumer mistrust in foreign Entities Conclusion: Whether benefits outweigh costs depends on whether total trading volume increases subsequent to listing abroad (Mittoo 1992). Although financial markets are becoming more integrated globally, geography still has a role to play. More precisely, regulations, technological variances, market barriers and legislation vary in different regions. Barriers still exist and stock exchange markets are trying to continuously bring those down by creating strategic alliances. Cross-listing provides several advantages to firms; they are able to reduce the cost of their equity capital as they can reduce the risk to investors. The company’s firms become more liquid and there is also better flow of information on the exchange markets. In such a way, cross-border listing becomes advantageous both for investors as well as the company itself

History and Culture Essay

Too long the country has been deprived of its national pride and independence. By 1911-1912, the foreigners were everywhere. The best way was to use them as sponsors for our changes, and let them call me â€Å"a dictator [corrupt and †¦ brutal] surrounding himself as soon as’ he could with some of the most despicable Chinese agents of the old regime; favoured [†¦] by foreign financiers [in the lust for] money and power and the means of extravagance and debauchery. † This year, the things are really disastrous. China’s foreign debt reaches 900 million taels. The dynasty has gone bankrupt undertaking expensive reforms of the governmental administration, military and educational system. The new regime followed the West in the enchantment with democratic elements of constitution, representative assemblies, separation of governmental powers, and political parties. On my side, I was more interested to pacify gentry and to centralize state power having been dissolved after foreign intrusions and imperialistic affairs. For me as President, therefore, the prior task is to obtain the loan from the Four Group Powers in order to keep a strong and obedient military resource to establish the right type of government. My fame played to the benefit of the task. I do remember how Dr. Morrison, the then political adviser to the Chinese Government, was trading with Mr. Crisp, the head of the firm of C. B. Crisp & Co, about the loan to pay for our administration needs this year, in 1912. We needed it badly in order not to depend so greatly on the Four Power Group, not to speak about Russia and Japan with their greed in regard to concessions. Then, the last persuasion for the â€Å"hard nut† Crisp to lend us ? 10,000,000 was delivered by Morrison in the words about my dictatorial position being the â€Å"benefit† of China. I am afraid, though, that we will have to owe the Four Group Allies ? 500,000,000, at the rate of ? 100,000,000 a year, not to forget about Japan and Russia trying to cut the fattest pieces of our cake in terms of territory, commerce and politics. Now I shall speak about my plans for the future. I really want to establish a â€Å"no-squeeze policy. † I believe that the modern Chinese state and nation should be centralised. The first step to do is to preserve the capital, thus, the centre of administrative authority, in Peking for the whole period of my office of President. Second, as I have never been a republican, I think about establishing a sort of a military dictatorship. I was often called the â€Å"strong man,† â€Å"a reputed reactionary,† and â€Å"arbitrary, tyrannical and self-indulgent† by my contemporaries, and, no doubt, I will be labelled like this by later researchers. My political opponents from the Kuomintang went even further referencing to me as nothing more than â€Å"[t]he fat bewhiskered general†. But even they can not deny that it was I who could build a strong army and placating fighting camps. That is why, in my opinion, there is no need to let those wordy democrats to spend time, effort and money on elections and the qualifications of voters. Let me stay â€Å"the strong dispenser of law and order† identifying the course of state policy by myself. Consequently, I plan to get rid of those tries to establish â€Å"popular sovereignty in the form of political parties and representative assemblies. † I watch them reorganising Sun Yat-sen’s Revolutionary Alliance into the Guomindang, or Nationalist Party, to dominate National Assembly after its election in December, 1912. I know that the trifle show with democratic elections for National/provincial/county assemblies could jeopardise the institute of centralised power I am planning to introduce. Later on, I will force the National Assembly to elect me as president for a long term, better for five years. Then, I will kick the Guomindang from the parliament because they are likely to assume too much political weight. The best solution will be also to dissolve all the assemblies that resemble a boiling pot, so â€Å"risky and messy† they are. Finally, I will do my best to consolidate all the state power in the hands of one person, and that person would be I. The best form to centralise power is monarchy, how ever discredited it has become. How about the British or Japanese constitutional model of the Emperor co-existing with the parliament? Lately, the title of â€Å"Grand Constitutional Emperor† has occurred to my mind as the best definition of the political system I want to achieve. Reanimating Confucianism as a state religion, there would be a chance to resurrect also the ideology of monarchism and to get back to traditional values, seeing also to the better economic and education opportunities to provide the nation with wealth and development. Bibliography Bowman, John S. , ed. Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture. New York: Columbia University Press, 2000. Cantlie, James, and C. Sheridan Jones. Sun Yat Sen and the Awakening of China. New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1912. Croly, Herbert. Willard Straight. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1924. Eastman, Lloyd E. â€Å"The May Fourth Movement as a Historical Turning Point: Ecological Exhaustion, Militarization, and Other Causes of China’s Modern Crisis. † In Perspectives on Modern China: Four Anniversaries, edited by Thomas P. Bernstein et al. Armonk, NY: An East Gate Book, 1991, 123-138. Hyndman, H. M. The Awakening of Asia. New York: Boni and Liveright, 1919. Leang-Li, T’Ang. China in Revolt: How a Civilization Became a Nation. London: N. Douglas, 1927.

malcolm x essays

malcolm x essays Malcolm Xs experience without the white people as he was growing up brought him to what he believed of white people in his earlier years. He was able to overcome many traumatic experiences in order to keep on going with his beliefs. His message in his earlier years was somewhat harsh on the white population, but in his later years he was carrying a good message towards them. Malcolm X overcame many tough obstacles in his life to become one of Americas most influential black leader of his time. Malcolm X, or Malcolm Little as he was known in his childhood years, had a very traumatic childhood. Encarta states that since his father was a Baptist at a black church the Ku Klux Klan harassed his family often. This would have been very scary for a child of Malcolms age at the time. This is probably one of the reasons why he had a grudge against whites for the better part of his early years. After Malcolms family broke up he lived with many different foster homes until living with his sister in Boston (Schooling 2). As a kid it would be hard traveling all over the country living with different parents every few months. It takes a really emotionally strong person to put up with this type of change so often. His childhood was pretty rough and one of the ways he delt with it was to resort to Malcolm X got involved with all types of illegal activity with some really dangerous people. He was narcotics, gambling, and pimping. He picked up the name Detroit Red when he was involved with illegal activity in Detroit (Schooling 2). He had nowhere else to go or do but be involved with illegal businesses. He formed his own house robbing gang, and he was caught and sentenced to ten years in prison (Arnold and Gutierrez 15). This was in the long run probably the best thing that happened to Malcolms whole life. Going to prison not only stopped him from doing more ille...